Auditory hypnagogic hallucinations11/22/2023 How do these factors influence the likelihood of hypnagogic states and their content? Fifth, the need for fuller development of a psychophysiological approach. To what extent does sensory stimulation experienced before the hypnagogic state influence hypnagogic imagery? Fourth, a better understanding of the influence of cognitive, perceptual and personality variables on the content hypnagogic states. Can hypnagogic imagery be successfully categorized, to what extent is it consistent over time, and can it be differentiated from other imagery? Third, a more detailed understanding of the individual's capacity to process the environment in the hypnagogic state. Second, a more precise description of the phenomenology of hypnagogic imagery and auditory experiences. First and foremost, the need for further developed experimental techniques, which permit a systematic exploration of the phenomenology of hypnagogic experiences. Schacter ( 1976) indicated several directions for future research. The neurological origin of hypnagogic states, however, was not determined. Lastly, researchers investigated the physiological correlates of the hypnagogic state using electroencephalography (EEG) and electrooculography (EOG). Other researchers attempted to induce and prolong the hypnagogic state, such as by using biofeedback or the ganzfeld approach (an approach that will be explained in detail later on in this review). To gather a larger amount of data, researchers used questionnaire sampling. First and foremost, researchers conducted either spontaneous or systematic self‐observation or trained subjects to do so. Regarding the content of hypnagogic states, some researchers noted that the content could be traced back to activities pursued during the day.ĭata on the hypnagogic state were acquired through multiple approaches. Moreover, hypnagogic states were described as disconnected snapshots, whereas dreams were described as usually longer and better organized. There were attempts to differentiate hypnagogic states from dreams: compared with dreams, hypnagogic states were described as being mostly emotionally flat. Hypnagogic states were reported to occur most frequently in the visual modality, followed by the auditory and tactile‐kinaesthetic modality. Several authors noted the lack of active involvement in the hypnagogic state, as the experience resembled the act of passively spectating a play or a movie. One of the most indicative characteristics of hypnagogic states is their spontaneous emergence into consciousness. Overall, the phenomenology of hypnagogic state was described extensively, but little emphasis was put on factors that influence the likelihood of hypnagogic states. In addition, a cultural influence was suspected but remained unassessed. Thus, a decline in hypnagogic states over the course of life had yet to be examined. Differences in hypnagogic states between childhood and adulthood, however, were not investigated. Research in children between the age of 3 and 15 years resulted in ambiguous findings. Particular reference was made to a possible age effect, according to which age was negatively related to the occurrence of hypnagogic states. Surveys quickly suggested that the hypnagogic state was relatively common, with prevalences ranging from 72% up to 77%. In conclusion, research has made great progress in recent years, and we are one step closer to demystifying the hypnagogic state.Įarlier research focused on the prevalence of hypnagogic states. Lastly, a better understanding of the purpose of hypnagogic states is needed. Second, a better understanding of why hypnagogic states occur so frequently in the visual and kinaesthetic modalities is needed. First, a better understanding of the emotional quality of hypnagogic states is needed. Then, we evaluate the six future directions suggested by Schacter and we propose three further future directions. After a short introduction discussing the terminology used in hypnagogia research and the differentiation of hypnagogic states with other related phenomena, we review the reported prevalence of hypnagogic states. In this review, we compile and discuss the recent scientific literature on hypnagogia research regarding the future directions proposed by Schacter (1976 Psychological Bulletin, 83, 452). The hypnagogic state refers to a transitional stage between wakefulness and sleep, in which sensory perceptions can be experienced.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply.AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |